The Flip-Flop Hypothesis for the Sleep-Waking Cycle The Ventro-Lateral PreOptic Nucleus of the Hypothalamus The Arousal System The Orexins
Mechanisms underlying Spinal Reflexes Electrophysiology of Reflex Excitation and Inhibition Interneurones in the Ventral Horn
Sleep Architecture and the Effects of Hypnotic Drugs Sleep Apnoea Narcolepsy
Role of Orexins in Narcolepsy
Neural Networks
Central Pattern Generators Histochemical Definition of RF Nuclei Projections of RF to Somatic, Autonomic and Sensory areas of the Cord
Cerebellar Input and Output Pathways The Inferior Olivary Pathway Somatotopic Maps on the Spino-cerebellum Circuits in the Cerebellar Cortex Purkinje Cells, Mossy and Climbing Fibres Cerebellar Modules and Microzones Motor Learning
Tremor and Ataxia Intention Tremors Non-Intention Tremors Chorea and Athetosis Other Ataxias
Symptoms and Signs Pathological Changes in the brains of Parkinson's patients Deep Brain Stimulation
Sleep Rhythms EEG analysis during Sleep Stages of Sleep Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Sleep Architecture Sleep Deprivation and the Effects of Drugs
Functions and Connections within the Basal Ganglia Wiring Diagram of the Components of the Basal Ganglia Medium Spiny Neurones and Effects of Dopamine Substantia Nigra and Nigro-Striatal Pathways The Direct and Indirect Pathways Deep Brain Stimulation
Neurotransmitters in the Reticular Formation Cholinergic Pathways Noradrenergic Pathways Dopaminergic Pathways Serotoninergic Pathways Peptidergic Pathways
Overview Pathophysiology Possible Role of Glutamate Kindling
Types of Stroke
Signs and Symptoms Distribution of the Middle Cerebral Artery Hypertonus and Hyperreflexia
The Internal Capsule
The Corticospinal Tract Cortico-Bulbar Neurones Bulbo-Spinal Pathways Stroke
The Sense of Balance Responses to Tilting Eye Movements during Tilting Responses to Rotation Vestibular Pathways Nystagmus Vestibular Connections with the Cerebellum Control of the Intrinsic Muscles of the Eye
The Sense of Balance Responses to Tilting Eye Movements during Tilting Responses to Rotation Vestibular Pathways Nystagmus Vestibular Connections with the Cerebellum Control of the Intrinsic Muscles of the Eye
Cortical Control of Movements
Pre-motor and Supplementary Motor Areas Eye Movements Bulbo-Spinal Pathways and Muscle Tone Stroke Epilepsy
Gross Anatomy of the Cerebellum Cerebellar Pathways Development of the Cerebellum Gross Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia Internal Structure of the Basal Ganglia
Rexed's Laminae and the Structure of the Ventral Horn Longitudinal Columns of Motoneurones in the Ventral Horn Arrangement of Motoneurones Innervating Extensors and Flexors Arrangement of Motoneurones Innervating Proximal and Distal Muscles The Lateral Horn
The Nature of Phantom Limb Pain The Neuroma Theory of Phantom Pain Cortical Reorganisation following Amputation
Primary Hyperalgesia Secondary Hyperalgesia Allodynia Voltage-gated sodium channels in nociceptors Neuropathic changes in nociceptive afferents
Nociceptors
Sensitization : Endogenous Algesic Agents Visceral and Referred Pain Pain and Temperature Pathways Alternative Anterolateral Pathways Gate Theory and Descending Control of the Dorsal Horn Chronic Pain and Phantom Limb Pain Thermoreceptors
Proprioception
Vibration Receptors Dorsal Column-Medial Leminscal Pathway Vibratory and Proprioceptive Representation in SI
Correlation of Structure and Function
Peripheral Receptors Two Point Discrimination Somatotopic Map Dorsal Columns Dorsal Column Nuclei Lateral Inhibition Thalamus Somatosensory Cortex
Overview of Cortical Functions
Methods of Studying Cortical Functions Diagram of Cortical Areas Somatosensory Areas Motor Areas Association Areas The Executive role of the Frontal Lobes Speech
Layers of the Cerebral Cortex Pyramidal Neurones Dendrites Spine Synapses Cortical Columns Functions of the Cortex
Lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
Internal structure of the cerebral hemispheres Specialised Areas of the Cerebral Cortex The Cerebral Ventricles and Vessels The Ventral Surface of the Brain
Pathology and MRI of a Sphyrinx Signs and Symptoms of Syringomyelia
Dermatomes and the level of Cord Injury Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury
Brown-Sequard Syndrome Syringomyelia Infarction of the Spinal Cord
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Overview
Divisions of the ANS Functions of the ANS (Overview) Antagonistic Effects of the two parts of the ANS Cardiovascular System Respiratory System Gastro-Intestinal System Urogenital System Eye
The Dorsal Horn
Rexed's Laminae Inputs to the Dorsal Horn Ascending Projections from the Dorsal Horn
Spinal Reflexes
The Stretch Reflex The Tonic Stretch Reflex Reflex Pathways Physiological Characteristics of Spinal Reflexes Spinal Reflexes: Summary of the Differences Central Pattern Generators Clinical Aspects of Spinal Reflexes
Morphology of Sensory Neurones
Functional Properties of Sensory Neurones Classifiction according to axon diameter Muscle and Tendon Receptors More details of the Muscle Spindle Cutaneous Receptors Pain and Nociception: Vanilloid Receptors Endogenous Algesic Agents and Analgesic Drugs
Tracts in the Spinal Cord Ascending Pathways to the Thalamus and Cortex
Anatomy of the Spinal Cord Arterial Supply to the Spinal Cord Enlargements of the Spinal Cord Spinal Cord Injury Autonomic Nervous System
Wallerian Degeneration Chromatolysis The 'Dying Back' Phenomenon Axonal Pathologies Inclusion Bodies in Perikarya Neurofibrillary Tangles Disorders of Axoplasmic Transport Plaques - extracellular accumulations of beta-Amyloid Pathology of Oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells
Symptoms of Dementia Inclusion Bodies in Perikarya Neurofibrillary Tangles Plaques - extracellular accumulations of beta-Amyloid Neuronal Cell Death and brain atrophy Disorders of Axoplasmic Transport
Lower Motoneurone damage leads to Muscular weakness Muscular atrophy Electrophysiological changes in the muscle
Signs and Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis
Pathology of Multiple Sclerosis Demography of Multiple Sclerosis Aetiology of Demyelinating Diseases
Electophysiology of Human Nerves Nerve Conduction Tests
Evoked Potentials
Visual Evoked Potential
Electromyography (EMG)
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Embryology of the CNS
Spina Bifida
Meningomyelocoele
Meningocoele
Encephalocoele
Anencephaly
Structure of Synapses and Dendrites
Physiology of Synapses
EPSPs and IPSPs
Neurotransmitters in the CNS:
Glutamate, GABA, Glycine
Synapses without Vesicles
Types of Glial Cells
Regulation of the Environment of Neurones
Role of Astrocytes at Synapses
Role of Astrocytes on the Cerebral Circulation
Oligodendrocytes and Myelination in the CNS
Microglia, Ependymal Cells, Tanycytes
Introduction to the Central Nervous System
Brain and Spinal Cord
Meninges
Segmental Structure of the Spinal Cord
Dermatomes
Embryology of the CNS
Structure and Function of Neurones
Resting Potential
Action Potential
Axonal Transport
Nerve Regeneration
Neuroplasticity